# Number Systems

Numbers are everywhere and used in many places – financial institution, statistics, engineering and so on. Without number system our daily life would be difficult.

Humans use a number system called the decimal number system and everyone can easily understand this system. You go to a store to buy something, you need a number system to count your money. Even a small thing such as making a list of its need numbers.

## What is a number system?

A number belonging to a number system with:

1. A base
2. Coefficient that is between to .

### Examples

Decimal with r=10 and coefficient a = 0 to 9
Binary with r=2 and coefficient a = 0 and 1
Octal with r= 8 and coefficient a = 0 to 7
Hexadecimal with r=16 and coefficient a = 0 to 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

## Converting from Any Number System to Decimal System

If the base and coefficients are given, then any number can be converted to decimal system using following

\begin{aligned}
a_{n}\cdot r^{n}+\cdots+ a_{1}\cdot r + a_{0}+a_{-1}\cdot r^{-1}+a_{-2}\cdot r^{-2}+ a_{-n-1}\cdot r^{-n-1}+ \cdots + r^{n}
\end{aligned}

### Example

To convert binary numberinto decimal number, do following

\begin{aligned}
&1011 = 1 * 2^3 + 0 * 2^2 + 1 * 2^1 + 2^0\\\\
&= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1\\ \\
&= 11
\end{aligned}

11 is decimal equivalent of .

### Example

Convert into decimal equivalent.

### Solution:

\begin{aligned}
&Integer \hspace{5px} part \rightarrow 1101\\\\
&1 * 2^3 + 1 * 2^2 + 0 * 2^1 + 1 * 2^0\\\\
&8 + 4 + 0 + 1\\\\
&13\\\\
&Decimal \hspace{5px} part \rightarrow  .011\\\\
&0 * 2^-1 + 1 * 2^-2 + 1 * 2^-3\\\\
&0 + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{8}\\\\
&\frac{3}{8}\\\\
&Answer = 13 + \frac{3}{8} = \frac{(13 * 8 + 3)}{8}\\ \\
&= \frac{107}{8}\\ \\
&= 13.37
\end{aligned}

## Conversions from Decimal to Other Number Systems

The decimal number system has a base and coefficients ranging from .

### Decimal to Binary

To convert from decimal from binary, divide the decimal number repeatedly until no longer possible to divide. Each time you get a quotient and remainder, divide the quotient and note the remainder. The remainders of this division put together in reverse order is the answer. See the example below.

For the fractional part, you need to multiply the decimal fraction with base repeatedly until you reach or close to zero for the fractional part. When you multiply a fraction with base , you get two thing – an integer and a fraction.

If the fraction has not reached zero or real close to zero, multiply it with base in next iteration and check the integer and fraction part. The integer part put together is the binary equivalent for the decimal fraction. See the example below

### Problem:

Convert to binary equivalent number.

### Solution:

\begin{aligned}
&\frac{25}{2} \hspace{1cm}quotient = 12, remainder = 1\\\\
&\frac{12}{2}\hspace{1cm} quotient = 6, remainder = 0\\\\
&\frac{6}{2} \hspace{1cm}quotient = 3, remainder = 0\\\\
&\frac{3}{2}\hspace{1cm} quotient = 1, remainder = 1\\\\
&\frac{1}{2}\hspace{1cm} quotient = 0, remainder = 1\\\\
\end{aligned}

Now we find the fractional part binary equivalent.

\begin{aligned}
&0.13 \cdot 2 = 0.26 => 0 + .26\\\\
&0.26 \cdot 2 = 0.52 => 0 + .52\\\\
&0.52 \cdot 2 = 1.04 => 1 + .04\\\\
&Answer: - 11001 + .001 = 11001.001
\end{aligned}

Note that the integer part is remainders written in reverse order, that is, bottom to top in the first part of the solution.

### Decimal to Octal

The decimal to octal conversion is done in the same way as decimal to binary except the base . For example

### Problem:

Convert to its octal equivalent.

### Solution:

\begin{aligned}
&\frac{235}{8}\hspace{1cm} quotient = 29, remainder = 3\\\\
&\frac{29}{8} \hspace{1cm}quotient = 3, remainder = 5\\\\
&\frac{3}{8} \hspace{1cm}quotient = 0, remainder = 3\\\\
\end{aligned}

The hexadecimal number has a base and we need to divide decimal number with base to get the hexadecimal equivalent, but hexadecimal digits are .

\begin{aligned}
&\frac{2344}{16} \hspace{1cm}quotient = 146, remainder = 8\\\\
&\frac{146}{16} \hspace{1cm}quotient = 9, remainder = 2\\\\
&\frac{9}{16} \hspace{1cm}quotient = 0, remainder = 9\\\\
\end{aligned}

## Conversions to Binary

Now we convert other number system to Binary system such as Octal to Binary, Hexadecimal to Binary numbers.

### Octal to Binary

To convert octal to binary, convert each digit of the octal number to its binary equivalent, but you are only allowed to use 3-bit positions because of which is the maximum range of octal coefficient. For example

### Problem:

Convert into its binary equivalent.

### Solution:

\begin{aligned}
&2 \rightarrow 0 1 0\\\\
&5 \rightarrow 1 0 1\\\\
&6 \rightarrow 1 1 0\\\\
&Answer: The \hspace{5px}binary \hspace{5px}equivalent \hspace{5px}is \hspace{5px}010 \hspace{5px}101 \hspace{5px}110
\end{aligned}

We use 4 bits to convert each digit in a hexadecimal number to get the binary equivalent. This is because in decimal, the maximal value allowed in hexadecimal number. For example

### Problem:

Convert into binary equivalent.

### Solution:

\begin{aligned}
&2\hspace{1cm} C \hspace{1cm} D\hspace{1cm}3\\
&0010\hspace{12px}1100\hspace{17px}1101\hspace{17px}0011\\\\
&The\hspace{5px} binary\hspace{5px}  equivalent \hspace{5px} of \hspace{5px} 2CD3 \hspace{5px} is \hspace{5px} 0010 \hspace{5px} 1100\hspace{5px}  1101 \hspace{5px} 0011
\end{aligned}

## Binary to Other Number Systems

### Binary to Octal

To convert from binary to octal use 3-bit position and convert it into its decimal equivalent.

1. For integer part 3 bit from left to right
2. For fractional part 3 bit from right to left

This will give you the octal equivalent of binary number. For example,

\begin{aligned}
&1001.0101 \rightarrow 001 \hspace{5px}110\hspace{5px} . 010 \hspace{5px}100\\
&\hspace{2cm}1  \hspace{15px} 6 \hspace{15px} . 2  \hspace{15px}  1\\\\
&Answer: - The\hspace{5px} octal\hspace{5px} equivalent \hspace{5px}is \hspace{5px}16.21.
\end{aligned}

Group the given binary number into a group of four and then convert the each of the group into the decimal equivalent to get the hexadecimal digit and group all the digits found to get the hexadecimal number. For example

### Problem:

Convert the given binary number 110101011100 into hexadecimal equivalent.

### Solution:

Given binary number can be separated into group of four.

\begin{aligned}
&110101011100 \rightarrow 1101 \hspace{5px}0101 \hspace{5px} 1100\\
& \hspace{2.65cm}13\hspace{15px}    5   \hspace{19px}12\\
&\hspace{2.65cm}D \hspace{16px} 5 \hspace{20px}  C
\end{aligned}

Therefore, the hexadecimal equivalent number is D5C.

## Other Number Systems

We use a very simple procedure to convert octal to hexadecimal number. You can do this two easy steps.

1. Convert Octal to Binary number.
2. Convert the Binary number obtained into hexadecimal.

In the previous section, we learned about converting octal to binary and binary into hexadecimal. In this section, you have to use that knowledge in converting octal to hexadecimal. For example,

### Problem:

Convert the given octal number into Hexadecimal equivalent.

### Solution:

Step 1: Convert the octal into binary number.

\begin{aligned}
&2 \hspace{1cm} 3   \hspace{1cm}4\\
&010\hspace{17px} 011 \hspace{17px} 100
\end{aligned}

Step 2: Convert the binary number into a hexadecimal number.

\begin{aligned}
&Binary \hspace{5px}Number \rightarrow 010011100\\
\end{aligned}

Step 3: Group the binary number into groups of four bits from left to right.

\begin{aligned}
& 0000 \hspace{5px}1001 \hspace{5px}1100\\
&0 \hspace{2em}9    \hspace{2em}12
\end{aligned}

Step 4: Convert the result into a hexadecimal number. Therefore, the hexadecimal equivalent is .